Bipolar I vs Bipolar II: Understanding the Difference and the Link to Addiction

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. These shifts can range from episodes of extreme elation or irritability (mania or hypomania) to deep depression. It is not just a matter of mood swings or emotional ups and downs. These episodes can disrupt sleep, judgment, relationships, and day-to-day functioning.

Bipolar I disorder is defined by manic episodes that last at least seven days or are so severe they require hospitalization. While depressive episodes often occur as well, they are not required for a diagnosis.

Key Features of Bipolar I:

• Mania: A manic episode may include elevated mood, racing thoughts, impulsive behavior, decreased need for sleep, and inflated self-esteem. During mania, people may take risky actions such as excessive spending, substance use, or unsafe sexual activity.
• Depression: Many people with bipolar I also experience depressive episodes marked by feelings of hopelessness, low energy, and disinterest in life.

Mania is the defining characteristic of bipolar I. It can be so intense that it leads to psychosis (a break from reality) or requires hospitalization for safety.

Bipolar II disorder involves a pattern of hypomanic and depressive episodes. Hypomania is a milder form of mania—it may still include elevated mood and increased activity, but it doesn’t typically cause significant impairment or require hospitalization.

Key Features of Bipolar II:

• Hypomania: While it may not be noticeable to others, hypomania may feel productive or even enjoyable to the person experiencing it. However, it can still contribute to long-term instability and lead to risky behaviors.
• Depression: Depressive episodes in bipolar II are often more frequent and can be severe, sometimes leading to suicidal thoughts or behaviors.

Unlike bipolar I, bipolar II does not involve full manic episodes. Instead, the condition is often diagnosed during a depressive episode, which can make it more difficult to recognize and treat.

Both bipolar I and bipolar II involve mood dysregulation, but the intensity and impact of these symptoms differ. Still, they share several common challenges:

• Mood swings that disrupt daily life and relationships
• Periods of poor judgment that may lead to impulsive decisions
• Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
• Co-occurring conditions, such as anxiety or substance use disorders

Without proper diagnosis and treatment, individuals may struggle to manage their symptoms or understand the pattern of highs and lows they experience.

Substance use disorders are common in people with bipolar disorder. Studies estimate that more than 40% of people with bipolar I will experience a substance use disorder at some point in their lives.

Why Does Addiction Co-Occur?

There are several reasons why individuals with bipolar disorder may turn to substances:

• Self-medication: People may use alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, or sedatives in an attempt to manage the intense highs and lows.
• Impulse control: During manic or hypomanic episodes, altered decision-making can lead to increased risk-taking, including substance use.
• Overlapping risk factors: Trauma, genetics, and early-life stress are risk factors for both bipolar disorder and addiction.

Unfortunately, substance use can worsen mood symptoms, trigger new episodes, and make accurate diagnosis and treatment more difficult. It can also interfere with medications prescribed for bipolar disorder, reducing their effectiveness or creating dangerous interactions.

Because bipolar disorder and addiction are so often linked, integrated treatment is essential. At Alta Mira, we specialize in treating co-occurring disorders through a comprehensive approach that addresses all aspects of a person’s mental, emotional, and physical health.

Our program includes:

• Comprehensive psychiatric assessment to determine the correct diagnosis and develop a personalized treatment plan
• Medical detox services when needed to safely manage withdrawal
• Evidence-based therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) to help stabilize mood and address harmful patterns
• Trauma-informed care, including Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Internal Family Systems (IFS), to help process underlying emotional pain
• Relational healing through our 3-Day Family Program, which helps loved ones better understand the diagnosis and participate in the recovery process

With expert care and a supportive environment, individuals with bipolar disorder and addiction can regain control of their lives and work toward lasting stability.